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''Dungeons & Dragons'' (abbreviated as ''D&D''〔Mead, Malcomson; ''Dungeons & Dragons'' FAQ〕 or ''DnD'') is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the ''Chainmail'' game serving as the initial rule system.〔 ''D&D'' publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry.〔 introduction〕 ''D&D'' departs from traditional wargaming and assigns each player a specific character to play instead of a military formation. These characters embark upon imaginary adventures within a fantasy setting. A Dungeon Master serves as the game's referee and storyteller, while also maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur and playing the role of the inhabitants. The characters form a party that interacts with the setting's inhabitants (and each other). Together they solve dilemmas, engage in battles and gather treasure and knowledge.〔 In the process the characters earn experience points to become increasingly powerful over a series of sessions. The early success of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' led to a proliferation of similar game systems. Despite this competition, ''D&D'' remains the market leader in the role-playing game industry.〔"Frankly, the difference in sales between Wizards and all other producers of roleplaying games is so staggering that even saying there is an 'RPG industry' at all may be generous." Cook; "The Open Game License as I see it".〕 In 1977, the game was split into two branches: the relatively rules-light game system of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' and the more structured, rules-heavy game system of ''Advanced Dungeons & Dragons'' (abbreviated as ''AD&D'' or ''ADnD'').〔〔〔Gygax; "From the Sorcerer's Scroll" in ''The Dragon'' #26.〕 ''AD&D'' 2nd Edition was published in 1989. In 2000, the original line of the game was discontinued and the ''AD&D'' version was renamed ''Dungeons & Dragons'' with the release of its 3rd edition with a new system. These rules formed the basis of the d20 System which is available under the Open Game License (OGL) for use by other publishers. ''Dungeons & Dragons'' version 3.5 was released in June 2003, with a (non-OGL) 4th edition in June 2008.〔〔Johnson, ''et al.''; ''30 Years of Adventure'', p. 253.〕 A 5th edition was released during the second half of 2014. , ''Dungeons & Dragons'' remained the best-known〔According to a 1999 survey in the United States, 6% of 12- to 35-year-olds have played role-playing games. Of those who play regularly, two thirds play ''D&D''. (Dancey; Adventure Game Industry Market Research Summary)〕 and best-selling〔Products branded ''Dungeons & Dragons'' made up over fifty percent of the RPG products sold in 2005. (Hite; State of the Industry 2005)〕 role-playing game, with an estimated 20 million people having played the game and more than US$1 billion in book and equipment sales.〔Waters; What happened to Dungeons and Dragons?〕 The game has been supplemented by many pre-made adventures as well as commercial campaign settings suitable for use by regular gaming groups. ''Dungeons & Dragons'' is known beyond the game for other ''D&D''-branded products, references in popular culture and some of the controversies that have surrounded it, particularly a moral panic in the 1980s falsely linking it to Satanism and suicide.〔 The game has won multiple awards and has been translated into many languages beyond the original English. ==Play overview== ''Dungeons & Dragons'' is a structured yet open-ended role-playing game. It is normally played indoors with the participants seated around a tabletop. Typically, each player controls only a single character, which represents an individual in a fictional setting.〔Waskul, Lust; "Role-Playing and Playing Roles" in ''Caliber'' 27 (3)〕 When working together as a group, these player characters (PCs) are often described as a 'party' of adventurers, with each member often having his or her own areas of specialty that contributes to the success of the whole.〔Slavicsek, Baker; ''Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies'' p. 268〕 During the course of play, each player directs the actions of his or her character and its interactions with other characters in the game.〔Tweet, Cook, Williams; ''Player's Handbook'' v3.5, p. 5〕〔 "The Role-Playing Game and the Game of Role-Playing"〕 This activity is performed through the verbal impersonation of the characters by the players, while also employing a variety of social and other useful cognitive skills, such as logic, basic mathematics and imagination. A game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single adventure, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a 'campaign'.〔"Encounters are to adventures what adventures are to campaigns" (Cook, Williams, Tweet; ''Dungeon Master's Guide'' v3.5., p. 129)〕 The results of the party's choices and the overall storyline for the game are determined by the Dungeon Master (DM) according to the rules of the game and the DM's interpretation of those rules.〔Cook, Williams, Tweet; ''Dungeon Master's Guide'' v3.5., p. 4〕 The DM selects and describes the various non-player characters (NPCs) that the party encounters, the settings in which these interactions occur, and the outcomes of those encounters based on the players' choices and actions.〔〔Slavicsek, Baker; ''Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies'' p. 293〕 Encounters often take the form of battles with 'monsters' – a generic term used in ''D&D'' to describe potentially hostile beings such as animals, aberrant beings, or mythical creatures. The game's extensive rules – which cover diverse subjects such as social interactions,〔Cook, Williams, Tweet; ''Dungeon Master's Guide'' v3.5., p. 98〕 magic use,〔Gygax; ''Dungeon Masters Guide'' p. 114〕 combat,〔Tweet, Cook, Williams; ''Player's Handbook'' v3.5, p. 114〕 and the effect of the environment on PCs〔Mohan; ''Wilderness Survival Guide''〕 – help the DM to make these decisions. The DM may choose to deviate from the published rules〔 or make up new ones if they feel it is necessary.〔Tweet; ''Dungeons & Dragons Basic game'' p. 32〕 The most recent versions of the game's rules are detailed in three core rulebooks: The ''Player's Handbook'', the ''Dungeon Master's Guide'' and the ''Monster Manual''. The only items required to play the game are the rulebooks, a character sheet for each player, and a number of polyhedral dice. Many players also use miniature figures on a grid map as a visual aid, particularly during combat. Some editions of the game presume such usage.〔Wizards of the Coast; What is D&D?〕 Many optional accessories are available to enhance the game, such as expansion rulebooks, pre-designed adventures and various campaign settings.〔Slavicsek, Baker; ''Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies'' p. 363〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dungeons & Dragons」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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